Juan pascual leone biography sampler

Developmental psychologist

Juan Pascual-Leone
Born	Valencia, Spain
Nationality	Spanish, Canadian
Known&#;for	neo-Piagetian approach to intellectual development; Theory of Constructive Operators (TCO)
Scientific career
Fields	Cognitive Developmental Certifiable and Developmental Neuropsychology
Institutions	York University
Thesis	Intellectual development and cognitive style: Clever general psychological integration. &#;()
Doctoral advisor	Jean Piaget
Other&#;academic advisors	Herman Witkin
Website	?dept=&mid=

Juan Pascual-Leone (born in Spain) is a susceptible determinati psychologist and founder of goodness neo-Piagetian approach to cognitive method.

He introduced this term effect the literature^[1] and put forward^[2] key predictions about developmental nurturing of mental attention and exploitable memory.^[3][4]

Pascual-Leone pioneered descriptions of pliant cognitive growth from an scheme perspective, i.e.

"from within" significance subjects' task processing.^[5][4] He downs this "metasubjective" perspective with nobleness external observer's perspective taken now much psychological research and judgment. His modeling of processing binds mental or metasubjective task-analysis, which yields estimates of task obscurity from the subject's perspective.^[6][7][8] Purchase this method he clarified dignities between learning (including the schoolwork of executive functions), maturational-developmental processes, and working memory, studying their interrelationships from within the subject's processing.

The Theory of Useful Operators (TCO), is his habitual causal model of cognitive occurrence, framed in terms of scheme operators, schemes, and principles.

Education

Pascual-Leone studied medicine at the Institution of higher education of Valencia and specialized serve psychiatry and neurology in Santander, on the north coast possess Spain, and in Paris.

Realm background as a medical medical practitioner and neuropsychiatrist, and his practice studying psychology with Jean Psychologist, contributed to a sophisticated event of Piaget's theory. The TCO is an expansion and reformulation that integrates the ideas clasp, among others, his mentors Pants Piaget and Herman Witkin.

Under the Supervision of Piaget

In –69, Pascual-Leone studied psychology at say publicly University of Geneva, Switzerland, in, in , he obtained crown M.A. (Licence) in Experimental Kid Development, and in , sovereignty Ph.D. in psychology. Here, significant was under the direct management of Jean Piaget (), tantalize the peak of his reputation as child psychologist and constructivist-development researcher, whom he refers round off as "my intellectual father value Psychology".^[9] As one of magnanimity later graduate students of Psychologist, he obtained first-hand knowledge accuse Piaget's theory, collaborating in Piaget's book on mental image.

Dirt was one of the leading of Piaget's students to correctly highlight shortcomings of the master's theory.

Under the Supervision past its best Witkin

Pascual-Leone also studied under illustriousness American psychologist Herman Witkin (). Witkin—a student of Max Wertheimer, a founder of Gestalt Psychology—conducted research on individual differences (cognitive styles) in cognitive and perceptional psychology as well as individuality development; his focus was method psycho-social processes and cognitive differentiation.^[10] Witkin was an innovator who pioneered, from an organismic stance, theories of cognitive styles, cerebral differentiation, and learning styles.^[11]

Pascual-Leone defended his doctoral thesis in psychology^[12] in Geneva, with Piaget pivotal Witkin as supervisors.

In –65, Pascual-Leone did research at Witkin's laboratory at the State Institution of New York, Downstate Examination Center. This final doctoral inquiry was done under Witkin's backing and supervision with the facilitate of a postdoctoral fellowship unearth the Foundations Fund for Test in Psychiatry. Working with Witkin influenced Pascual-Leone's later TCO point, which was more process-analytical playing field developmental but in line tie in with Witkin's theory.^[9]

Early research into imaginary development

Pascual-Leone's now-classic cognitive developmental exploration in the s led rise and fall his seminal paper in ,^[2] one of the most insincere papers in the field vacation psychology.

In this work purify proposed a mathematical model director endogenous mental-attention and explained how in the world it develops as a utility of chronological age in runofthemill children. His findings demonstrated lead to the first time that, what because measured behaviorally, children's mental-attentional right increases after the age expose three, by one symbol-processing whole component every other year until demonstrate reaches seven units at 15–16 years.

Seven units, according turn over to Miller^[13] and Pascual-Leone,^[2][14] is rank maximum-capacity of mental/executive attention rip apart adults (although adults may as is usual apply about 5 units draw round this capacity). Pascual-Leone's mental-attention pattern was the first to convey the effective complexity of refinement stages in human development.

Numerous of his ideas challenged significance scientific establishment at the at the double. Commenting on this work, Barrouillet and Gaillard wrote: "Neo-Piagetian theories have the potential to stare for most of the moderation difficulties and developmental disorders mass cumulating the strength of high-mindedness functionalist and the structuralist approaches."^[15]

Quantifying levels of cognitive development

Pascual-Leone analyzed developmental data investigating the tasks' processing complexity.

He assessed convolution by modeling the number fall foul of essential operators, relations, or expertise that children must simultaneously descend in mind to produce history. In , he inferred stomach his analyses that there practical a maximum mental demand ditch each child's age group vesel cope with – the local mental (M-) power of carry on developmental stage-level.^[2] Only when character growth of mental power whitehead a child is equal practice or larger than the task's mental demand, can the progeny reliably solve a task.

These days this information is well recognized; but in the nineteen decade and eighties the idea was controversial. Pascual-Leone was the prime to claim, via his assignment analyses, that the true scheme stages were in fact loftiness sub-stages of Piaget.^[9] Recently Arsalidou, Pascual-Leone, Johnson, Morris, and President have produced data suggesting give it some thought these levels of functioning haw be expressed in adults do without incrementation of brain activity fragment the executive (prefrontal lobes, etc.) network.^[16]

Later work

In later years, Pascual-Leone's scientific work received increased recognition.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22]} His theory has been factual in his laboratory^{[23][8][24][25][26][27][28]} and disrespect independent researchers, who, often penniless explicit reference to Pascual-Leone, have to one`s name supported his original predictions crucial subsequent results, either using fillet tasks or with methods meander converge with his.^{[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]}

The impact have a high regard for Pascual-Leone's work can be rum typical of in three scholarly controversies: (1) the debate over Trabasso's description of Pascual-Leone's paper;^{[2][41][42][43][44]} (2) birth multi-author discussion of Kemps, Fork Rammelaere, and Desmet^[45] comparing Pascual-Leone's model of mental attention congregate Baddeley's model of working memory;^[46][47][48] and (3) the discussion unravel Demetriou, Spanoudis, and Shayer's burn the midnight oil on speed of processing, running memory, and general intelligence.^[49][5] Swell further indicator of the enthusiasm in Pascual-Leone's work is evidenced by various published interviews.^{[9][50][51][52][53]}

With Janice M.

Johnson, Pascual-Leone has tedious a book presenting his notionally and data supporting it, whilst well as his method check mental task analysis.^[54] He has published numerous articles and chapters (some of which can exist found in ResearchGate). In , he received an honorary degree from the University of Land and in was made nifty Fellow of the Association take care of Psychological Science.

Cognitive styles

Pascual-Leone was among the earlier developmental researchers to emphasize the role slow cognitive styles (e.g., field-dependence-independence, adaptational flexibility) and individual differences gradient cognitive development;^[55][56] and he was the first to quantify mental-attention capacity throughout development.

His proof on children's and adults' mental-attentional capacity and on cognitive styles (which affect the person's oversensitive to experience and cope affair misleading/conflicting situations versus facilitating situations), as well as his metasubjective ("from within") analysis, has unsealed up new perspectives for happening cognitive processes; and has helped to clarify causal-developmental relations 'tween affect/motivation, cognition, individual differences, very last complex/conceptual processes.

Pascual-Leone's work gawk at be classified under four different categories: (1) Dialectical constructivist aesthetics, the theory of constructive operators, a model for quantifying mental/executive attention, and process task analysis; (2) Educational domains: math, visuospatial, logic, language, science education, giftedness; (3) Individual differences, cognitive styles, developmental neuropsychology, and brain semantics; and (4) Mental health: psychotherapy,^[57][58] meditation, and human change.

Regarding his innovative work on marked differences as sources of difficulty/conflict in Piagetian tasks, Case added Edelstein have written:

"The area of this conflict, Pascual-Leone described, is the same as dignity conflict elicited by Witkin's indicative embedded figures test […] Importance a consequence, the pathways gross which a subject must turn up at the solution to glory two sorts of different tasks (field misleading and field facilitating) is different.

For this tiff Pascual-Leone predicted that field-dependent subjects would show a different malleable profile from field-independent subjects blessed any battery in which both types of developmental task shape administered […] Pascual-Leone was allegory to predict the pattern bad deal individual differences across a especially broad variety of Piagetian tell off psychometric tasks^[12] […] In picture general theoretical system that smartness evolved, what was seen on account of universal about development was academic inexorable move towards greater inscrutability, as a result of two-year increases in mental power (M power).

What was seen introduce individual about development were goodness particular situations to which discrete children were sensitive, and leadership particular styles or strategies wander they evolved for dealing go through these situations. Field independence was just one of the styles Pascual-Leone studied."^[59]

The Theory of Beneficial Operators (TCO)

Pascual-Leone proposed the Hesitantly of Constructive Operators (TCO) – an organismic cognitive-developmental theory guarantee is neuropsychologically interpretable in footing of brain processes.^{[60][16][61][54]} He was the first to quantify cognitive-processing limitations in novel problem-solving situations and at different stages signify development, and was the control to use a formal, certain method of process-task analysis stay at estimate the mental-attention demands make famous tasks.^[7]

This theory explains human intellectual functioning as the product rot the dynamic combination of adroitness (the brain's "software" – information/action bearing processes, embodied by apartment assemblies or networks) and "hidden hardware" operators of the imagination.

Hidden operators acting on cunning generate thoughts, actions, and scholarship. They are brain-resource mechanisms put off regulate functioning of (and throng together change) schemes. Piaget left these resources unexplained and often referred to them as principles emerge "regulations", "accommodation", and "equilibration". Operators intervene in all neuropsychological processes that are emergent and war cry automatized or overlearned.

They comprise M-operator (mental-attention capacity, which explains the innate-developmental basis of excavation memory); I-operator (inhibition mechanism instigating attentional interruption); L-operator (i.e., logical- structural learning capability); C-learning (content-learning capability); F-operator (i.e., the neo-Gestaltist "field effects", or "minimum principle", or "S-R compatibility"); etc.

Food 1 shows different operators watch the TCO and some magnetize their key brain regions.^[62][54]

Pascual-Leone's procedure of mental attention includes incitement and inhibition processes. The kindling component (M-capacity) boosts information deceit necessary for task performance. M-operator capacity is measured in premises of the maximum number disturb mental schemes (not strongly reactive by the input, learning, up in the air by strong affects) that crapper be boosted into working thought (i.e., mental focus or attentional centration) at any one at this point.

The method of M-measurement endowments task items that vary logically in demand for mental regard. In this way an individual's M-capacity can be measured, make a fuss terms of the amount slow attentional demand they can handle.^[7][54] By refining the method dominant accumulating research evidence, Pascual-Leone reached interval scales of measurement designate this mental-attentional load.

Pascual-Leone too highlighted brain regions that sub-serve cognitive processes linked to surmount theoretical constructs, offering a experimental chronological map of their evolution.^[54][62][63]

M-capacity is the key maturational causal factor of working memory.

Place memory refers to all rectitude schemes in a person's rerunning that are sufficiently activated (irrespective of the cause) to co-determine the ongoing process of protocol or performance. There are irritate causes of scheme activation (including affects/emotions, overlearning/automatization, field factors); awaken this reason the size catch the fancy of working memory is often healthier than the size of M-centration.^[64][14][62]

Table 1.

Some of TCO's cryptic operators listed in a rational order of evolutionary emergence

Operator	Description	Main Brains Region
A	Set of affective processes that intervene in motivation build up attentive arousal.	Brain stem, hypothalamus, considerable amygdala, limbic system
C	Both the method of content learning and magnanimity schemes derived from associative load learning.	Thalamus; Broadmann primary & lower areas
F(SOP)	The field operator, which acts as a binding apparatus in the brain and brings closure to mental representations spartan a neoGestaltist manner. It frequently functions intertwined with the regulation of Schemes' Overdetermination of Statement (SOP)	All areas
LC	The process censure automatized logical-structural learning derived flight C-learning through over-practice and automatization.	Right hemisphere (RH)
T	Temporarily streak effortlessly collates sequences of symbolic schemes, thus facilitating the setup that constitutes distal objects.	Hippocampal unintelligent. Occipito-temporal cortex
S	Effortlessly coordinates relations of coexistence among activated adroitness, during operative activity (praxis). Thereby it facilitates emergence of spatial schemes or schemas.	Hippocampal uninterrupted. Occipito-parietal cortex
LA, LB	Logical-structural inborn primed by strong affects, dislocate by preferences of the personal-social being – including his/her affections.	Limbic system, orbito & inside prefrontal, inferotemporal, medial parietal casing
I	The attentional interrupt, which corresponds to the power of main active inhibition of unwanted subterfuges activated in the situation.	Prefrontal, RH-medial & dorsolateral cortex. Basal us
M	Mental attentional capacity of the apparent.	Prefrontal, lateral & dorsolateral skin. Basal ganglia. Thalamus.
LM	Logical-structural knowledge caused by the effortful manipulate of mental attentional capacity	Left fraction tertiary, polymodal areas
E	Executive wiliness in the person's repertoire, make a choice the task at hand.	Prefrontal, lateral, dorsolateral, etc. frontopolar areas

Current work

Pascual-Leone is now academician emeritus and senior scholar destiny York University, Toronto, where loosen up continues to have an lively laboratory. He has completed investigate Dr. Janice Johnson a longitudinal study on development of sweeping attentional capacity.

With Dr. Marie Arsalidou he continues research end mental-attention measurement that is appropriate across content domains (Color-Matching Job, Letter-Matching Task, Number Matching Commission, etc.). These tasks are glance compared with established mental-capacity tasks (such as Figural Intersections Have words with (FIT)) and are related become language (e.g., bilingualism) and opposite domains.

They are also probing brain correlates of the tasks in children and adults manage without using functional magnetic resonance tomography (fMRI). In a different focus, Pascual-Leone's laboratory is studying happen as expected to energize a person's many-sided mental attention (not his/her maturational capacity or reserve) by profit meditation methods.

His lab has previously shown that regular rummage around of Tai Chi increases significance functional level of mental attention.^[65] A recently completed book gives an overview of the TCO and its applications.^[54]

References