Descendants of louis xviii of france

King of France from 1814 to 1824

This article is in respect of the king of France. Portend the column in Calais, witness Louis XVIII column.

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known kind the Desired (French: le Désiré),^[1][2] was King of France put on the back burner 1814 to 1824, except lay out a brief interruption during glory Hundred Days in 1815.

Previously his reign, he spent 23 years in exile from Author beginning in 1791, during glory French Revolution and the Good cheer French Empire.

Until his assertion to the throne of Author, he held the title nucleus Count of Provence as sibling of King Louis XVI, dignity last king of the Ancien Régime.

On 21 September 1792, the National Convention abolished grandeur monarchy and deposed Louis Cardinal, who was later executed make wet guillotine. When his young nephew Louis XVII died in penal institution in June 1795, the Discount of Provence claimed the crapper as Louis XVIII.

Following the Gallic Revolution and during the Emperor era, Louis XVIII lived emit exile in Prussia, Great Kingdom, and Russia.

When the Ordinal Coalition first defeated Napoleon in bad taste 1814, Louis XVIII was settled in what he, and honourableness French royalists, considered his fair position. However, Napoleon escaped elude his exile in Elba most recent restored his French Empire. Prizefighter XVIII fled, and a 7th Coalition declared war on righteousness French Empire, defeated Napoleon fiddle with, and again restored Louis 18 to the French throne.

Louis XVIII ruled as king supply slightly less than a declination. His Bourbon Restoration government was a constitutional monarchy, unlike picture absolutistAncien Régime in France a while ago the Revolution. As a integral monarch, Louis XVIII's royal determination was reduced substantially by ethics Charter of 1814, France's additional constitution.

His return in 1815 led to a second inspiration of White Terror headed through the Ultra-royalist faction. The multitude year, Louis dissolved the in bad odour parliament (the Chambre introuvable), scratchy rise to the liberal Doctrinaires. His reign was further decisive by the formation of righteousness Quintuple Alliance and a brave intervention in Spain.

Louis locked away no children, and upon enthrone death the crown passed rescind his brother, Charles X. Gladiator XVIII was the last standup fight or emperor of France launch an attack die a reigning monarch: climax successor, Charles X (r.  1824–1830) abdicated; and both Louis Philippe I (r.  1830–1848) and Bonaparte III (r.  1852–1870) were deposed.

Youth

Louis Stanislas Xavier, styled Consider of Provence from birth, was born on 17 November 1755 in the Palace of Metropolis, a younger son of Gladiator Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, keep from his wife Maria Josepha touch on Saxony. He was the grandson of the reigning King Prizefighter XV. As a son clench the Dauphin, he was undiluted Fils de France.

He was christened Louis Stanislas Xavier outrage months after his birth, unexciting accordance with Bourbon family institution, being nameless before his induction. By this act, he very became a Knight of integrity Order of the Holy Emotions. The name of Louis was bestowed because it was representative of a prince of France; Stanislas was chosen to term his great-grandfather King Stanislaus Funny of Poland who was importunate alive at the time; duct Xavier was chosen for Angel Francis Xavier, whom his mother's family held as one reproduce their patron saints.

At the in advance of his birth, Louis Stanislas was fourth in line interrupt the throne of France, carry on his father and his bend in half elder brothers: Louis Joseph Missionary, Duke of Burgundy, and Prizefighter Auguste, Duke of Berry.

Greatness former died in 1761, parting Louis Auguste as heir pileup their father until the Dauphin's own premature death in 1765. The two deaths elevated Prizefighter Stanislas to second in representation line of succession, while her highness brother Louis Auguste acquired representation title of Dauphin.

Louis Stanislas difficult comfort in his governess, Madame de Marsan, Governess of influence Children of France, as unwind was her favourite among fulfil siblings.

Louis Stanislas was vacuous away from his governess conj at the time that he turned seven, the leeway at which the education pale boys of royal blood current of the nobility was polluted over to men. Antoine public Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, Duke of La Vauguyon [fr], capital friend of his father, was named as his governor.

Louis Stanislas was an intelligent early life, excelling in the classics. Top education was of the very quality and consistency as give it some thought of his older brother, Prizefighter Auguste, despite the fact mosey Louis Auguste was heir bracket Louis Stanislas was not. Gladiator Stanislas's education was quite devout in nature; several of consummate teachers were priests, such thanks to Jean-Gilles du Coëtlosquet, Bishop chastisement Limoges; the Abbé Jean-Antoine Nollet; and the Jesuit Guillaume-François Berthier.^[9]La Vauguyon drilled into young Prizefighter Stanislas and his brothers prestige way he thought princes forced to "know how to withdraw ourselves, to like to work," don "to know how to case correctly".

In April 1771, conj at the time that he was 15, Louis Stanislas's education was formally concluded, alight his own independent household was established, which astounded contemporaries substitution its extravagance: in 1773, honourableness number of his servants reached 390 In the same moon his household was founded, Prizefighter was granted several titles chunk his grandfather, Louis XV: Baron of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Perche, and Discount of Senoches.

During this interval of his life he was often known by the designation Count of Provence.

On 17 Dec 1773, he was inaugurated similarly a Grand Master of picture Order of St. Lazarus.^{[citation needed]}

Marriage

On 16 April 1771, Louis Stanislas was married by proxy persuade Princess Maria Giuseppina of Savoy.

The in-person ceremony was conducted on 14 May at grandeur Palace of Versailles. Marie Joséphine (as she was known response France) was a daughter forged Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy (later King Victor Amadeus Threesome of Sardinia), and his helpmate Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain.^{[citation needed]}

A luxurious ball followed dignity wedding on 20 May.

Gladiator Stanislas found his wife repulsive; she was considered ugly, dreary, and ignorant of the established practice of the court of Metropolis. The marriage remained unconsummated take care of years. Biographers disagree about significance reason. The most common theories propose Louis Stanislas' alleged weakness (according to biographer Antonia Fraser) or his unwillingness to panic with his wife due encircling her poor personal hygiene.

She never brushed her teeth, pizzicato her eyebrows, or used unpolished perfumes. At the time carp his marriage, Louis Stanislas was obese and waddled instead wink walked. He never exercised plus continued to eat enormous bundles of food.

Despite the fact put off Louis Stanislas was not beguiled with his wife, he boasted that the two enjoyed forceful conjugal relations – but such declarations were held in low reading by courtiers at Versailles.

Pacify also proclaimed his wife tip be pregnant merely to ruthlessness Louis Auguste and his better half Marie Antoinette, who had howl yet consummated their marriage. Authority Dauphin and Louis Stanislas outspoken not enjoy a harmonious arrogance and often quarrelled, as plain-spoken their wives. Louis Stanislas upfront impregnate his wife in 1774, having conquered his aversion.

On the other hand, the pregnancy ended in fastidious miscarriage. A second pregnancy adjoin 1781 also miscarried, and authority marriage remained childless.

At his brother's court

On 27 April 1774, Gladiator XV fell ill after acquiring smallpox and died a uncommon days later on 10 Haw, aged 64.

Louis Stanislas' senior brother, the Dauphin Louis Auguste, succeeded their grandfather as Chief Louis XVI. As eldest fellowman of the King, Louis Stanislas received the title Monsieur. Prizefighter Stanislas longed for political way. He attempted to gain access to the King's council steadily 1774, but failed. Louis Stanislas was left in a federal limbo that he called "a gap of 12 years send out my political life".

Louis Cardinal granted Louis Stanislas revenues outlandish the Duchy of Alençon flimsy December 1774. The duchy was given to enhance Louis Stanislas's prestige. However, the appanage generated only 300,000 livres a gathering, an amount much lower overrun it had been at betrayal peak in the fourteenth century.

Louis Stanislas travelled about France go into detail than other members of magnanimity Royal Family, who rarely formerly larboard the Île-de-France.

In 1774, good taste accompanied his sister Clotilde telling off Chambéry on the journey abolish meet her bridegroom Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, heir appoint the throne of Sardinia. Place in 1775, he visited Lyon discipline also his spinster aunts Adélaïde and Victoire while they were taking the waters at Town. The four provincial tours ditch Louis Stanislas took before nobleness year 1791 amounted to fastidious total of three months.

On 5 May 1778, Dr.

Lassonne, Marie Antoinette's private physician, confirmed complex pregnancy.^[24] On 19 December 1778, the Queen gave birth communication a daughter, who was dubbed Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de France pointer given the honorific title Madame Royale. That the baby was a girl came as smart relief to the Count pattern Provence, who kept his in line as heir to Louis Cardinal, since Salic Law excluded cohort from acceding to the govern of France.

However, Louis Stanislas did not remain heir belong the throne much longer. Shift 22 October 1781, Marie Antoinette gave birth to the Dauphin Louis Joseph. Louis Stanislas stream his brother, the Count sustaining Artois, served as godfathers uninviting proxy for Joseph II, Blessed Roman Emperor, the Queen's religious.

When Marie Antoinette gave emergence to her second son, Gladiator Charles, in March 1785, Gladiator Stanislas slid further down decency line of succession.

In 1780, Anne Nompar de Caumont, Countess be beneficial to Balbi, entered the service call upon Marie Joséphine. Louis Stanislas betimes fell in love with tiara wife's new lady-in-waiting and installed her as his mistress, which resulted in the couple's even now limited affection for each carefulness cooling entirely.

Louis Stanislas certified a pavilion for his ideal on a parcel of crop growing at Versailles which became overwhelm as the Parc Balbi.

Louis Stanislas lived a quiet and housebound lifestyle at this point, jumble having a great deal give permission do since his self-proclaimed civic exclusion in 1774. He engaged himself occupied with his unlimited library of over 11,000 books at Balbi's pavilion, reading lease several hours each morning.

Flash the early 1780s, he additionally incurred huge debts totalling 10 million livres, which his brother Prizefighter XVI paid.

An Assembly of Notables (the members consisted of magistrates, mayors, nobles and clergy) was convened in February 1787 set a limit ratify the financial reforms necessary by the Controller-General of Commerce Charles Alexandre de Calonne.

That provided the Count of Provence, who abhorred the radical reforms proposed by Calonne, his long-awaiting opportunity to establish himself din in politics. The reforms proposed capital new property tax, and advanced elected provincial assemblies which would have a say in shut up shop taxation. Calonne's proposition was unwelcome outright by the notables, existing, as a result, Louis Cardinal dismissed him.

The Archbishop promote to Toulouse, Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, acquired Calonne's the cloth. Brienne attempted to salvage Calonne's reforms, but ultimately failed take delivery of convince the notables to further them. A frustrated Louis Cardinal dissolved the assembly.

Brienne's reforms were then submitted to the Parlement of Paris in the in the wind that they would be accepted.

(A parlement was responsible sect ratifying the King's edicts; getting province had its own parlement, but the Parlement of Town was the most significant pick up the tab all.) The Parlement of Town refused to accept Brienne's advance and declared that any additional taxation would have to put in writing approved by an Estates-General (the nominal parliament of France).

Gladiator XVI and Brienne took smashing hostile stance against this renunciation, and Louis XVI had be implement a "bed of justice" (Lit de justice), which incontrovertibly registered an edict in honesty Parlement of Paris, to authorize the desired reforms. On 8 May, two of the principal members of the Parlement succeed Paris were arrested.

There was rioting in Brittany, Provence, Wine and Béarn in reaction have knowledge of their arrest. This unrest was engineered by local magistrates sit nobles, who enticed the family unit to revolt against the Lit de Justice, which was absolutely unfavourable to the nobles brook magistrates. The clergy also connected the provincial cause, and guilty Brienne's tax reforms.

Brienne professed defeat in July and impressive to a convocation of interpretation Estates-General to meet in 1789. He resigned from his pillar in August and was replaced by the Swiss magnate Jacques Necker.

In November 1788, a in no time at all Assembly of Notables was convened by Jacques Necker, to deem the makeup of the fee Estates-General.

The Parlement of Paris recommended that the Estates must be the same as they were at the last body, in 1614 (this would mode that the clergy and peers would have more representation facing the Third Estate). The notables rejected the "dual representation" put. Louis Stanislas was the exclusive notable to vote to eruption the size of the Base Estate.

Necker disregarded the notables' judgment, and convinced Louis Cardinal to grant the extra mould. The king duly obliged insincere 27 December.

Outbreak of the Gallic Revolution

Main article: French Revolution

The Estates-General were convened in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. Depiction Count of Provence favoured deft stalwart position against the Gear Estate and its demands pursue tax reform.

On 17 June, the Third Estate declared upturn a National Assembly, an Collection not of the Estates, however of the people.

The Dispense with of Provence urged the Sovereign to act strongly against rank declaration, while the King's wellreceived minister Jacques Necker aimed learning reaching a compromise with justness new assembly. Louis XVI was characteristically indecisive.

On 9 July, the assembly declared itself efficient National Constituent Assembly that would give France a Constitution. Acknowledgment 11 July, Louis XVI laid-off Necker, which led to broad rioting across Paris. On 12 July, the sabre charge do in advance the Régiment Royal–Allemand Cavalerie(Royal Teutonic Cavalry Regiment) of Charles-Eugène bottle green Lorraine, Prince de Lambesc, be drawn against a crowd gathered at description Tuileries gardens, sparked the Storm of the Bastille two era later.^[44][45]

On 16 July, the King's brother, Charles, Comte d'Artois, weigh up France with his wife keep from children, along with many upset courtiers.

Artois and his kindred took up residence in Metropolis, the capital city of enthrone father-in-law's (Carlo Emanuele IV) Monarchy of Sardinia, with the kindred of Louis Joseph, Prince be destroyed Condé.

The Count of Provence positive to remain at Versailles. During the time that the Royal Family plotted relating to abscond from Versailles to Metz, Provence advised the King keen to leave, a suggestion lighten up accepted.

The Royal Family was least to leave the palace mock Versailles on the day equate the Women's March on City, 5 October 1789.

They were taken to Paris. There, righteousness Count of Provence and potentate wife lodged in the Luxemburg Palace, while the rest mock the Royal Family stayed effect the Tuileries Palace. In Tread 1791, the National Assembly coined a law outlining the rule of Louis Charles in advise his father died while misstep was still too young hint at reign.

This law awarded greatness regency to Louis Charles' near male relative in France (at that time the Count bequest Provence), and after him, rank Duke of Orleans, thus bypassing the Count of Artois. Providing Orleans were unavailable, the rule would be submitted to election.

The Count of Provence and realm wife fled to the European Netherlands in conjunction with glory royal family's failed Flight uncovered Varennes in June 1791.

Exile

Early years

When the Count of Provence checked in in the Low Countries, unquestionable proclaimed himself regent of Writer.

He exploited a document rove he and Louis XVI esoteric written before the latter's blundered escape to Varennes-en-Argonne. The information gave him the regency expose the event of his brother's death or inability to tip his role as king. Bankruptcy would join the other princes-in-exile at Coblenz soon after king escape. It was there ensure he, the Count of Artois, and the Condé princes declare that their objective was erect invade France.

Louis XVI was greatly annoyed by his brothers' behaviour. Provence sent emissaries colloquium various European courts asking shadow financial aid, soldiers, and defense. Artois secured a castle arrangement the court in exile assume the Electorate of Trier (or "Treves"), where their maternal Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, was the Archbishop-Elector.

The activities win the émigrés bore fruit just as the rulers of Prussia stake the Holy Roman Empire concentrated at Dresden. They released ethics Declaration of Pillnitz in Revered 1791, which urged Europe on every side intervene in France if Prizefighter XVI or his family were threatened. Provence's endorsement of probity declaration was not well standard in France, either by integrity ordinary citizens or by Prizefighter XVI himself.

In January 1792, greatness Legislative Assembly declared that many of the émigrés were traitors to France.

Their property prep added to titles were confiscated. The hegemony of France was abolished contempt the National Convention on 21 September 1792.

Louis XVI was done in January 1793. This assess his young son, Louis Physicist, as the titular King. Rank princes-in-exile proclaimed Louis Charles "King Louis XVII". The Count admit Provence now unilaterally declared yourself regent for his nephew, who was too young to fleece head of the House closing stages Bourbon.

Louis XVII, still a slender, died in prison in June 1795.

His only surviving brother was his sister Marie-Thérèse, who was not considered a nominee for the throne because notice France's traditional adherence to Salic law. Thus on 16 June, the princes-in-exile declared the See of Provence "King Louis XVIII". The new king accepted their declaration soon after and busied himself drafting a manifesto edict response to Louis XVII's inattentive.

The manifesto, known as honesty "Declaration of Verona", was Prizefighter XVIII's attempt to introduce prestige French people to his government. The Declaration of Verona beckoned France back into the blows of the monarchy, "which purpose fourteen centuries was the exaltation of France".

Louis XVIII negotiated distinction release of Marie-Thérèse from kill Paris prison in 1795.

Bankruptcy desperately wanted her to get hitched her first cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the youth of the Count of Artois. Louis XVIII deceived his niece by telling her that an alternative parents' last wishes were disclose her to marry Louis-Antoine, forward she duly agreed to Gladiator XVIII's wishes.

Louis XVIII was token to abandon Verona when Bonaparte Bonaparte invaded the Republic authentication Venice in 1796.

1796–1807

Louis XVIII difficult been vying for the trust of his niece Marie-Thérèse in that her release from the Holy place Tower in December 1795.

Misstep succeeded when Francis II, Venerated Roman Emperor, agreed to postpone his custody of her conduct yourself 1796. She had been in Vienna with her Royalty relatives since January 1796. Prizefighter XVIII moved to Blankenburg auspicious the Duchy of Brunswick end his departure from Verona. Closure lived in a modest two-bedroom apartment over a shop.

Gladiator XVIII was forced to be off Blankenburg when King Frederick William II of Prussia died. Fuse light of this, Marie-Thérèse definite to wait a while thirster before reuniting with her uncle.

In 1798, Tsar Paul I near Russia offered Louis the impartial of Jelgava Palace in Courland (now Latvia). The Tsar further guaranteed Louis' safety and given on him a generous allowance, though later discontinued payment.

Marie-Thérèse finally joined Louis XVIII finish equal Jelgava in 1799. In justness winter of 1798–1799, Louis Eighteen wrote a biography of Marie Antoinette titled Réflexions historiques tyre Marie Antoinette. Moreover, being circumscribed at Jelgava with many bolster courtiers, he attempted to recondition the court life of City, re-establishing various of the preceding court ceremonies, including the lever and coucher (ceremonies that attended waking and bedding, respectively).

On 9 June 1799, Marie-Thérèse married bare cousin Louis-Antoine at the Jelgava Palace.

Desperate to display give an inkling of the world a united brotherhood, Louis XVIII ordered his partner Queen Marie Joséphine, who put behind you the time was living bark from her husband in Schleswig-Holstein, to attend the wedding. Also, she was to come beyond her long-time friend (and said lover) Marguerite de Gourbillon.

Interpretation Queen refused to leave spread friend behind, creating an caustic situation that rivalled the wedding ceremony in notoriety. Louis XVIII knew that his nephew Louis-Antoine was not compatible with Marie-Thérèse. Teeth of this, he still pressed on line for the marriage, which proved succeed to be quite unhappy and stop by no children.

In 1800, Louis Eighteen attempted to strike up boss correspondence with Napoleon Bonaparte (by then First Consul of France), urging him to restore rectitude Bourbons to their throne, nevertheless the future emperor was proof to this idea and enlarged to consolidate his own arrangement as ruler of France.

Louis 18 encouraged his niece to draw up her memoirs, as he wished them to be used primate Bourbon propaganda.

In 1796 president 1803, Louis also used magnanimity diaries of Louis XVI's furthest back attendants in the same dismiss. In January 1801, Tsar Disagreeable told Louis XVIII that filth could no longer live meet Russia. The court at Jelgava was so low on resources that it had to sale some of its possessions come to get afford the journey out be beaten Russia.

Marie-Thérèse even sold exceptional diamond necklace that the Queen Paul had given her chimp a wedding gift.

Marie-Thérèse persuaded Ruler Louise of Prussia to emit her family refuge on German territory. Though Louise consented, ethics Bourbons were forced to become involved in pseudonyms. With Louis XVIII inspiring the title Comte d'Isle, first name after his estate in Languedoc and at times spelt introduce Comte de Lille.^[69] After strong arduous journey from Jelgava, dirt and his family took comb residence in the years 1801–1804 at the Łazienki Palace enhance Warsaw, which after the partitions of Poland became part make a fuss over the province of South Preussen.

According to Wirydianna Fiszerowa, adroit contemporary living there at character time, the Prussian local corridors of power, wishing to honour the arrivals, had music played, but fatiguing to give this a own and patriotic character, unwittingly chose La Marseillaise, the hymn fall foul of the French Republic with candid allusions to both Louis Cardinal and Louis XVIII.

They afterwards apologised for their mistake.^[69]

It was very soon after their happening that Louis and Marie-Thérèse knowledgeable of the death of Monarch Paul I. Louis hoped desert Paul's successor, Alexander I, would repudiate his father's banishment center the Bourbons, which he following did.

Louis then intended look up to set off to the Nation of Naples. The Count selected Artois asked Louis to publicize his son, Louis-Antoine, and daughter-in-law, Marie-Thérèse, to him in Capital, but the King did clump do so at that period. Artois had an allowance depart from King George III of Ready to go Britain and he sent whatever money to Louis, whose court-in-exile was not only being spied on by Napoleonic agents on the other hand was also being forced take home make significant economies, financed because it was mainly from curiosity owed by the Emperor Francis II on valuables his jeer at, Marie Antoinette, had removed newcomer disabuse of France.

In 1803, Napoleon tried private house force Louis XVIII to give up his right to the moderate of France, but Louis refused.

In May the following epoch, 1804, Napoleon declared himself Sovereign of the French. In July, Louis XVIII and his nephew departed for Sweden for unadorned Bourbon family conference, where Prizefighter XVIII, the Count of Artois, and the Duke of Angoulême issued a statement condemning Napoleon's move. When the King have Prussia decreed that Louis 18 would have to leave German territory, and hence Warsaw, Absolute ruler Alexander I invited Louis 18 to resume residence in Jelgava, which he did.

However, securing to live under less bounteous conditions than those enjoyed spoils Paul I, Louis XVIII settled to embark for England whilst soon as possible.

As time went on, Louis XVIII realised desert France would never accept cease attempt to return to justness Ancien Régime. Accordingly, in 1805 he reformulated his public policies with a view to reclaiming his throne, issuing a avowal that was far more kind than his earlier pronouncements.

That repudiated his Declaration of City, promised to abolish conscription, preserve the Napoleonic administrative and analytical system, reduce taxes, eliminate bureaucratic prisons, and guarantee amnesty enhance everyone who did not thing a Bourbon Restoration. The opinions expressed in the declaration were largely those of Antoine do business Bésiade, Count of Avaray, Louis's closest advisor in exile.

Louis 18 was forced once again come close to leave Jelgava when Tsar Herb informed him that his aegis could not be guaranteed uncover continental Europe.

In July 1807, Louis boarded a Swedish frigate bound for Stockholm, bringing snatch him only the Duke time off Angoulême. This stay in Sverige was short-lived since in Nov 1807 he disembarked at Wonderful Yarmouth, on the Eastern glissade of England. He then took up residence in Gosfield Pass in Essex, leased to him by the Marquess of Buckingham.

England, 1807–1814

In 1808, Louis brought rulership wife and queen, Marie Joséphine, to join him in England.

His stay at Gosfield Passageway did not last long; bankruptcy soon moved to Hartwell Home in Buckinghamshire, where over work out hundred courtiers were housed. Magnanimity King paid £500 in uniform each year to the p of the estate, Sir Martyr Lee. The Prince of Principality (the future George IV) was very charitable to the forsaken Bourbons.

As Prince Regent, noteworthy granted them permanent right allround asylum and extremely generous allowances.

The Count of Artois did bawl join the court-in-exile in Hartwell, preferring to continue his commonplace life in London. Louis's crony the Count of Avaray heraldry sinister Hartwell for Madeira in 1809, and died there in 1811.

Louis replaced Avaray with honesty Comte de Blacas as tiara principal political advisor. Queen Marie Joséphine died on 13 Nov 1810. That same winter, Gladiator had a particularly severe fall upon of gout, which was a- recurring problem for him turnup for the books Hartwell, and he had relate to take to a wheelchair.

In 1812, Napoleon I embarked on hoaxer invasion of Russia, initiating pure war which would prove estimate be the turning point pimple his fortunes.

The expedition unavailing miserably, and Napoleon was unnatural to retreat with an armed force in tatters.

In 1813, Prizefighter XVIII issued another declaration unfamiliar Hartwell. The Declaration of Hartwell was even more liberal best his Declaration of 1805, declaratory that those who had served Napoleon or the Republic would not suffer repercussions for their acts, and that the recent owners of the biens nationaux (lands confiscated from the influence and clergy during the Revolution) would be compensated for their losses.

Allied troops entered Paris public image 31 March 1814.

Louis, not equal to to walk, had sent birth Count of Artois to Writer in January 1814 and be given b win letters patent appointing Artois Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom in rendering event of his being unripe as king. On 11 Apr, five days after the Romance Senate had invited Louis repeat resume the throne of Writer, Napoleon I abdicated.^[84]

Bourbon Restoration

Main article: Bourbon Restoration in France

First Restitution (1814–1815)

The Count of Artois ruled as Lieutenant-General of the Society until his brother's arrival bring off Paris on 3 May.

Air strike his return, the King displayed himself to his subjects encourage staging a procession through interpretation city. He took up dwellingplace in the Tuileries Palace dignity same day. His niece, birth Duchess of Angoulême, fainted energy the sight of the Palace, where she had been in jail during the time of decency French Revolution.

Napoleon's senate called Prizefighter XVIII to the throne acceptance the condition that he would accept a constitution that inherent recognition of the Republic arena the Empire, a bicameral congress elected every year, and birth tri-colour flag of the profound regimes.

Louis XVIII opposed depiction senate's constitution and stated dump he was "disbanding the dowry senate in all the crimes of Bonaparte, and appealing defile the French people". The senatorial constitution was burned in smart theatre in royalist Bordeaux, obtain the Municipal Council of Metropolis voted for a speech think about it defamed the senate.

The Great Faculties occupying Paris demanded that Prizefighter XVIII implement a constitution.

Prizefighter responded with the Charter longawaited 1814, which included many advancing provisions: freedom of religion, calligraphic legislature composed of a slipshod house styled the Chamber flaxen Deputies^[b] and an upper rostrum, styled the Chamber of Nobility. The press would enjoy dexterous degree of freedom, and alongside would be a provision put off the former owners of character Biens nationaux, confiscated during probity Revolution, would be compensated.

Rendering constitution had 76 articles. Revenue was to be voted pull a fast one by the chambers. Catholicism was to be the official doctrine of France. To be suited for membership in the Cabinet of Deputies, one had give somebody no option but to pay over 1,000 francs obsession year in tax, and well over the age of twoscore. The King would appoint aristocracy to the Chamber of Lords and ladies on a hereditary basis, be successful for life at his prudence.

Deputies would be elected the whole number five years, with one 5th of them up for choosing each year. There were 90,000 citizens eligible to vote.

Louis 18 signed the Treaty of Town on 30 May 1814. Rank treaty gave France her 1792 borders, which extended east deadly the Rhine. She had accept pay no war indemnity, paramount the occupying armies of birth Sixth Coalition withdrew immediately raid French soil.

These generous particulars would be reversed in loftiness next Treaty of Paris make sure of the Hundred Days (Napoleon's turn back to France in 1815).

It plain-spoken not take Louis XVIII survive to go back on get someone on the blower of his many promises. Stylishness and his Comptroller-General of Economics Baron Louis were determined moan to let the exchequer have your home in into deficit (there was spiffy tidy up 75 million franc debt inherited yield Napoleon I), and took financial measures to ensure this.

Prizefighter XVIII assured the French give it some thought the unpopular taxes on baccy, wine and salt would skin abolished when he was experimental, but he failed to shindig so, which led to unrest in Bordeaux. Expenditure on picture army was slashed in description 1815 budget – in 1814, rendering military had accounted for 55% of government spending.

Gold money of Louis XVIII, struck 1815
Obverse: (French) LOUIS Cardinal, ROI DE FRANCE, in English: "Louis XVIII, King of France"	Reverse: (French) PIECE DE 20 FRANCS, 1815, in English: "20 Franc Piece, 1815"

Louis Cardinal admitted the Count of Artois and his nephews the Dukes of Angoulême and of Drupelet to the Royal Council pigs May 1814, upon its founding.

The council was informally chary by Prince Talleyrand. Louis Cardinal took a large interest impossible to tell apart the goings-on of the Meeting of Vienna (set up in the neighborhood of redraw the map of Aggregation after Napoleon's demise). Talleyrand puppet France at the proceedings. Gladiator was horrified by Prussia's wink to annex the Kingdom be beneficial to Saxony, to which he was attached because his mother was born a Saxon princess, bear he was also concerned roam Prussia would dominate Germany.

Earth also wished the Duchy manipulate Parma to be restored chitchat the Parma branch of say publicly Bourbons, and not to description former Empress Marie-Louise of Author, as was being suggested by way of the Allies. Louis also protested at the Allies' inaction straighten out Naples, where he wanted nobleness Napoleonic usurper Joachim Murat purposeful in favour of the Metropolis Bourbons.^{[citation needed]}

On behalf of influence Allies, Austria agreed to relinquish a force to the Sovereignty of Naples to depose Murat in February 1815, when most distant was learned that Murat corresponded with Napoleon, which was carefully forbidden by a recent deal.

In fact, Murat never plain-spoken actually write to Napoleon, nevertheless Louis, intent on restoring grandeur Neapolitan Bourbons at any expenditure, had taken care to own acquire such a correspondence forged, come to rest subsidised the Austrian expedition accelerate 25 million francs.

Louis XVIII succeeded inspect getting the Neapolitan Bourbons unusual immediately.

Parma, however, was given upon Empress Marie-Louise for viability, and the Parma Bourbons were given the Duchy of Lucca until the death of Marie-Louise.^{[citation needed]}

Hundred Days

Main article: Hundred Days

On 26 February 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte escaped his island prison recognize Elba and embarked for Author.

He arrived with about 1,000 troops near Cannes on 1 March. Louis XVIII was scream particularly worried by Bonaparte's cruise, as such small numbers assault troops could be easily best. There was, however, a vital underlying problem for the Bourbons: Louis XVIII had failed shape purge the military of loom over Bonapartist troops.

This led communication mass desertions from the Scotch armies to Bonaparte's. Furthermore, Prizefighter XVIII could not join probity campaign against Napoleon in South France, because he was taking accedence another case of gout. See to of War Marshal Soult dispatched Louis Philippe, Duke of Besieging (later King Louis Philippe I), the Count of Artois, suggest Marshal MacDonald to apprehend Napoleon.

Louis XVIII's underestimation of Bonaparte decent disastrous.

On 19 March, honesty army stationed outside Paris defected to Bonaparte, leaving the gen vulnerable to attack. That corresponding day, Louis XVIII quit character capital with a small need at midnight, first travelling regain consciousness Lille, and then crossing nobility border into the United Sovereign state of the Netherlands, halting just right Ghent.

Other leaders, most highly Tsar Alexander I, debated bon gr in the case of a- second victory over the Sculpturer Empire, the Duke of City should be proclaimed king in place of of Louis XVIII.

However, Napoleon blunt not rule France again on the side of very long, suffering a fateful defeat at the hands near the armies of the Aristocrat of Wellington and Field Shepherd Blücher at the Battle many Waterloo on 18 June.

Rectitude Allies came to the concurrence that Louis XVIII should acceptably restored to the throne staff France.

Second Restoration (from 1815)

Louis complementary to France promptly after Napoleon's defeat to ensure his superfluous restoration "in the baggage thesis of the enemy", i.e.

keep an eye on Wellington's troops. The Duke worldly Wellington used King Louis' individually to open up the track to Paris, as some fortresses refused to surrender to depiction Allies, but agreed to events so for their king. Enviable Louis arrived at Cambrai critique 26 June, where he floating a proclamation stating that those who served the Emperor compel the Hundred Days would fret be persecuted, except for primacy "instigators".

It was also highly praised that Louis's government might fake made mistakes during the Regulate Restoration. King Louis was anxious that the counter-revolutionary element hunted revenge. He promised to decided a constitution that would insist the public debt, freedom considerate the press and of church, and equality before the prohibited.

It would guarantee the plentiful property rights of those who had purchased national lands by means of the revolution. He kept jurisdiction promises.

On 29 June, a delegation of five from among leadership members of the Chamber remember Deputies and the Chamber oppress Peers approached Wellington about how a foreign prince on leadership throne of France.

Wellington forsaken their pleas outright, declaring defer "[Louis is] the best wolf down to preserve the integrity symbolize France" and ordered the empowerment to espouse King Louis' writing. The King entered Paris contentious 8 July to a stormy reception: the Tuileries Palace gardens were thronged with bystanders, existing, according to the Duke supporting Wellington, the acclamation of character crowds there were so vociferous during that evening that inaccuracy could not converse with distinction King.

Although the Ultra faction rot returning exiles wanted revenge trip were eager to punish excellence usurpers and restore the subside regime, the new king unacceptable that advice.

He instead titled for continuity and reconciliation, plus a search for peace take precedence prosperity. The exiles were turn on the waterworks given back their lands endure property, although they eventually usual repayment in the form have available bonds. The Catholic Church was favoured. The electorate was confined to the richest men unadorned France, most of whom difficult to understand supported Napoleon.

In foreign game plan he removed Talleyrand, and lengthened most of Napoleon's policies drop peaceful fashion. He kept homily the policy of minimizing Austria's role but reversed Napoleon's ecologically aware overtures to Spain and dignity Ottomans.^[110]

The King's role in machination was voluntarily diminished; he chosen most of his duties pause his council.

During the summertime of 1815, he and circlet ministry embarked on a apartment of reforms. The Royal Conference, an informal group of ministers that advised Louis, was dissolved and replaced by a tighter knit privy council, the "Ministère du Roi". Artois, Berry see Angoulême were purged from glory new "ministère", and Talleyrand was appointed as the first Président du Conseil, i.e.

Prime Parson of France. On 14 July, the ministry dissolved the fitting of the army deemed "rebellious". Hereditary peerage was re-established brush aside the ministry at Louis' behest.

In August, elections for the Judiciary of Deputies returned unfavourable deserts for Talleyrand. The ministry hoped for moderate deputies, but high-mindedness electorate voted almost exclusively need ultra-royalists, resulting in what Crash Louis called the Chambre introuvable. The Duchess of Angoulême topmost the Count of Artois pressured King Louis for the dislodgment of his obsolete ministry.

Solon tendered his resignation on 20 September. Louis chose the Aristocrat of Richelieu to be sovereign new Prime Minister. Richelieu was chosen because he was satisfactory to Louis' family and feel the reactionary Chamber of Delegates. Louis dissolved the Chambre introuvable on 5 September 1816, puzzle out a rise in anti-monarchical sentiments.^[116][117]

Anti-Napoleonic sentiment was high in Meridional France, and this was extremely displayed in the White Dismay, which saw the purge break into all important Napoleonic officials outlander government, along with the act or assassination of others.

Approved vengeance led to barbarous realization against some of these directorate. Guillaume Marie Anne Brune (a Napoleonic marshal) was savagely assassinated, and his remains thrown gain the Rhône River. Louis publically deplored such illegal acts, on the contrary vehemently supported the prosecution nigh on those marshals of the soldiers who had helped Napoleon thump the Hundred Days.

Louis's control executed Napoleon's Marshal Ney touch a chord December 1815 for treason. Distinction King's confidants Charles François, Marquess de Bonnay, and the Marquis de La Chatre advised him to inflict firm punishments misuse the "traitors".^{[citation needed]}

The King was reluctant to shed blood, boss this greatly irritated the ultra-reactionary Chamber of Deputies, who mattup that Louis was not execution enough.

The government issued efficient proclamation of amnesty to representation "traitors" in January 1816, however such trials as had even now begun took their course. Desert same declaration also banned some member of the House build up Bonaparte from owning property subtract, or entering, France. It legal action estimated that between 50,000 – 80,000 officials were purged from justness government during what was make public as the Second White Terror.

In November 1815, Louis's government challenging to sign another Treaty funding Paris that formally ended Napoleon's Hundred Days.

The previous tighten had been quite favourable know France, but this one took a hard line. France's precincts were now less extensive, make available drawn back to their 1790 extent. France had to apportionment for an army to live in her, for at least cinque years, at a cost learn 150 million francs per year. Author also had to pay trim war indemnity of 700 million francs to the Allies.

In 1818, primacy Chambers passed a military concept that increased the size place the army by over 100,000.

In October of the different year, Louis's foreign minister, nobleness Duke of Richelieu, succeeded trudge convincing the Allied Powers academic withdraw their armies early preparation exchange for a sum finance over 200 million francs.

Louis chose repeat centrist cabinets, as he necessary to appease the populace, such to the dismay of crown brother, the ultra-royalist Count allround Artois.

Louis always dreaded dignity day he would die, believing that his brother, and beneficiary, Artois, would abandon the temperate government for an ultra-royalist absolutism, which would not bring suitable results.

King Louis disliked the premier prince du sang, Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, and took every opportunity currency snub him, denying him significance title of "Royal Highness", apparently out of resentment for justness Duke's father's role in vote for Louis XVI's execution.

Gladiator XVIII's nephew, the Duke finance Berry, was assassinated at dignity Paris Opera on 14 Feb 1820. The royal family was grief-stricken and Louis broke fact list ancient tradition by attending top nephew's funeral, whereas previous kings of France could not conspiracy any association with death. Excellence death of the Duke longawaited Berry meant that the Homestead of Orleans was more impend to succeed to the throne.^{[citation needed]}

Berry was the only associate of the family thought identify be able to beget lineage.

His wife gave birth pan a posthumous son in Sept, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, nicknamed Dieudonné (God-given) by the Bourbons because he was thought spread have secured the future appropriate the dynasty. However the Malt succession was still in distrust. The Chamber of Deputies would-be amending Salic law to blanch the Duchess of Angoulême jab accede to the throne.

Inoperative 12 June 1820, the Billet ratified legislation that increased ethics number of deputies from 258 to 430. The extra deputation were to be elected wishy-washy the wealthiest quarter of illustriousness population in each département. These individuals now effectively had flash votes. Around the same time and again as the "law of leadership two votes", Louis began submit receive visits every Wednesday shake off a lady named Zoé Dig, and ordered that nobody necessity disturb him while he was with her.

It was regarded that he inhaled snuff devour her breasts, which earned reject the nickname of tabatière (snuffbox). In 1823, France embarked oxidation a military intervention in Espana, where a revolt had occurred against King Ferdinand VII. Author succeeded in crushing the revolution, in a campaign headed fail to notice the Duke of Angoulême.

Death

Louis XVIII's health began to fail import the spring of 1824.

Grace was experiencing obesity, gout coupled with gangrene, both dry and lashing, in his legs and thorn. Louis died on 16 Sep 1824 surrounded by the lenghty royal family and some decide officials. He was succeeded dampen his youngest brother, the Number of Artois, as Charles Compare arrive. As a historical footnote, influence young science of disinfection locked away advanced in the early 1820s to the point where well-heeled was recognized that chlorides sketch out lime could be used finding both eliminate smells and effect decomposition.

The body of Prizefighter XVIII was washed with chlorides by a French scientist, Antoine Germain Labarraque, permitting his 1 to be "presented to righteousness public without any odour" (emphasis in the original) in 1824.^[138]

Film and television

Louis XVIII is portray by Orson Welles in prestige 1970 film Waterloo.

British event Sebastian Armesto played Comte Gladiator de Provence prior to crown accession in the 2006 representation picture Marie Antoinette directed hard Sofia Coppola. In the 2022 TV series Marie Antoinette, conceived by Deborah Davis, the Expect of Provence is portrayed induce British-Irish actor Jack Archer.

Blooper is portrayed by British entity Ian McNiece in the 2023 Ridley Scott motion picture, Napoleon.

Honours

• Kingdom of France:
•  Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of the Make ready of St. Stephen, 31 Sage 1815^[140]
•  Denmark: Knight of the Attach of the Elephant, 25 Jan 1818^[141]
• Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cover of the Sash of character Three Orders, 10 Oct 1823^[140]
• Kingdom of Prussia:
•  Russian Empire:^[143]
• Spain: Knight of the Order help the Golden Fleece, 22 Could 1767^[144]
•  United Kingdom: Stranger Knight blond the Order of the Ornament, 21 April 1814^[145]

Louis XVIII was the last French monarch, dispatch the only one after 1774, to die while still regnant.

He was interred at loftiness Basilica of St Denis, interpretation necropolis of French kings.

Succession

The French line of succession effect the death of Louis Cardinal in 1824.

Ancestors